For many years, the terms “autism” and “Asperger’s” were used to describe different conditions, though they were closely related. Some people still use them interchangeably, while others insist they are distinct. However, the truth is a bit more complex, especially when it comes to coping with change, as individuals across the spectrum may experience transitions in unique ways.
What’s the Difference Between Autism and Asperger’s?
Autism and Asperger’s syndrome both fall under the umbrella of autism spectrum disorder, but there are some key differences.
Historically, Asperger’s was considered a separate diagnosis, describing individuals with milder autism traits, particularly in the areas of communication and intellectual ability. People with Asperger’s typically have average or above-average intelligence and do not experience significant language delays, which are more common in other forms of autism.
They may struggle with social interactions, have rigid routines, and display intense interests, but their speech and cognitive skills are generally well-developed.
However, despite these distinctions, the term “Asperger’s” was removed from the DSM-5 in 2013, and individuals who would have been diagnosed with Asperger’s are now considered to be on the autism spectrum.
The shift in classification reflects a broader understanding that autism exists on a spectrum, with varying levels of support needs rather than distinct subtypes. While some people still identify with the term Asperger’s, the medical community now categorizes autism based on levels of support rather than separate diagnoses.
Autism can range from requiring minimal support to more intensive assistance, depending on an individual’s social, sensory, and cognitive challenges. The core traits are shared across the spectrum, but their intensity and impact can vary greatly from person to person.
Why Was Asperger’s Removed as a Separate Diagnosis?
The decision to eliminate Asperger’s as a distinct diagnosis was based on years of research. Experts found that there was no clear medical or neurological difference between Asperger’s and other forms of autism. The main distinction had always been based on the severity of symptoms, particularly language delays and cognitive ability.
In classic autism, people often struggle with both verbal communication and intellectual development, sometimes needing significant support throughout their lives. In contrast, individuals with Asperger’s typically have average or above-average intelligence and no significant speech delays.
However, they still experience difficulties with social interactions, sensory sensitivities, and rigid thinking patterns.
Over time, researchers realized that dividing autism into separate categories wasn’t always helpful. Many individuals who fit the Asperger’s profile had the same underlying neurological differences as those with classic autism.
The changes in the DSM-5 aimed to create a more unified understanding of autism, recognizing that it exists on a spectrum rather than as distinct subtypes.
5 Key Differences Between Autism and Asperger’s (Before the DSM-5 Change)
Even though Asperger’s is now part of autism spectrum disorder, many people still refer to it separately. Looking at how the two were traditionally distinguished can help clarify why some still prefer the term Asperger’s.
That said, here are their key differences before changes to the DSM-5 were made:
Speech and Language Development
One of the biggest historical differences between Asperger’s and autism was language development. Children diagnosed with Asperger’s typically had no major delays in learning to talk.
They might have spoken in a formal or overly advanced way for their age, but their speech developed on a typical timeline.
In contrast, children with classic autism often experience delayed speech or struggle to develop verbal communication at all. Some needed alternative communication methods, such as sign language or assistive devices.
Cognitive Ability
Before Asperger’s was absorbed into autism, it was generally associated with average to high intelligence.
Many individuals excelled in specific academic areas, particularly math, science, or memory-based tasks. Some even displayed traits of savant syndrome, possessing exceptional abilities in one particular area.
Autism, on the other hand, was sometimes linked with intellectual disabilities. However, it’s important to note that intelligence varies widely among autistic individuals, and many people with autism have typical or advanced cognitive abilities.
Social Challenges
Both Asperger’s and autism involve social difficulties, but the nature of those challenges can differ. People with Asperger’s often want to interact with others but struggle with understanding social cues, body language, and unwritten rules of conversation. They may talk at length about their interests without noticing if the other person is engaged or struggle with small talk and casual conversation.
In contrast, those with classic autism might show less interest in socializing overall. They may find it difficult to form relationships or express emotions in ways that others understand.
Some may prefer solitary activities and have little desire to engage in traditional social interactions.
Repetitive Behaviors and Special Interests
Both conditions involve repetitive behaviors and intense interests in specific topics. However, individuals with Asperger’s often have highly focused, intellectual interests.
They might memorize vast amounts of information about a subject, such as trains, historical events, or computer programming. These interests can sometimes lead to successful careers if they are encouraged and supported.
In more severe cases of autism, repetitive behaviors might be more pronounced and include hand-flapping, rocking, or vocal stimming. The special interests in classic autism may be just as intense but are sometimes less socially accepted or harder to translate into academic or professional success.
Sensory Sensitivities
Many people with both Asperger’s and autism experience heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as loud noises, bright lights, or certain textures. However, some individuals with classic autism may have extreme reactions, leading to meltdowns or withdrawal.
Sensory processing difficulties can significantly impact daily life, making it difficult to tolerate crowded places, unfamiliar foods, or certain types of clothing.
Why Some People Still Use the Term “Asperger’s”
Even though the term Asperger’s is no longer used in official diagnostic manuals, it remains popular in everyday conversations. Many adults who were diagnosed before the DSM-5 change continue to identify with it, finding it more useful than the broader term “autism spectrum disorder.”
There is also an ongoing debate about the language surrounding autism. Some prefer identity-first language, saying “autistic person” instead of “person with autism,” while others feel the opposite.
Similarly, some feel that removing Asperger’s as a separate diagnosis erases an important distinction, while others believe the change promotes a more inclusive and accurate understanding of autism.
Final Thoughts
The main difference between autism and Asperger’s is historical. Asperger’s was once considered a separate diagnosis for people who had strong verbal and intellectual abilities but struggled with social interactions. Today, it is recognized as part of the broader autism spectrum.
Although Asperger’s is no longer an official diagnosis, the term is still widely used by those who feel it describes their experiences more accurately.
Whether someone prefers to call themselves autistic or say they have Asperger’s, what matters most is understanding and supporting their unique challenges and strengths.
At Eagle’s Will ABA, we provide high-quality ABA therapy tailored to each individual’s needs to ensure compassionate and effective support. If you’re looking for autism services in North Carolina, our dedicated team is here to help. Reach out to us today and see how we can make a difference for you or your loved one.
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